Neuro-immunological disorders encompass a diverse range of autoimmune and immune-mediated neurological conditions. This includes central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), as well as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies (CIDP) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), which affect the peripheral nervous system. Additional disorders include myasthenia gravis (MG) and myositisn which affect the neuromuscular junction and muscles, respectively.

 

Patients with neuro-immunological disorders may present with a variety of symptoms, including:

 

• Motor weakness

• Sensory disturbances and neuropathic pain

• Ataxia

• Seizures

• Autonomic dysfunction

• Abnormal behaviour

• Respiratory insufficiency requiring ventilatory support and intensive care

• Psychiatric symptoms such as confusion, depression, anxiety, and psychosis

 

In recent years, autoimmune encephalitis (AE), characterised by specific neuronal or glial autoantibodies, has received heightened awareness for its association with significant morbidity and mortality.